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Study: Matthew 5:17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 38, 39, 43, 44. "A New
Approach"
Questions and answers are found below.
Devotional Reading: Matthew 5:1-12.
Background Scripture: Matthew 5.
TIME: A.D. 28
PLACE: mountain near Capernaum
Golden Text: "Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the
prophets:
I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill." (Matthew 5:17).
Matthew 5:17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 38, 39, 43, 44
17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets:
I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.
18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or
one title shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
21 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou
shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the
judgment:
22 But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother
without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall
say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but
whosoever
shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou
shalt not commit adultery:
28 But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust
after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
38 Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth
for a tooth:
39 But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever
shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
43 Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy
neighbor, and hate thine enemy.
44 But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse
you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which
despitefully use
you, and persecute you.
HOW TO SAY IT
lex talionis (Latin). leks tal-ee-oh-niss.
Raca. Ray-kuh or Ray-kah.
TODAY'S AIM
After participating in this lesson, each student will be able
to:
1. Give examples from the text of how Jesus corrected misunderstandings
of the Old Testament law.
2. Explain why the law of love should be our guide in interactions with
others.
3. Commit to Jesus one specific area in which he or she will choose to
be
more loving.
INTRODUCTION
Since each evangelist (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) presented the
life and work of Jesus Christ from a unique perspective, each writer
emphasized certain aspects of the Lord's teaching and ministry. The Gospel
of Matthew was directed toward a Jewish audience.
Some have suggested that Matthew presents Jesus as the new Moses. Just
as there are five books of Moses (the law), so there are five major
discourses in Matthew. Just as Moses received God's law on a mountain,
so
Christ delivered His new law from a mountain. Matthew 5 through 7 is
called the Sermon on the Mount, a small portion of which we study this
week.
It is also noteworthy that there are numerous contrasts in this sermon
between what the rabbis said the law taught and what Christ declared to
be true. The master Teacher was interpreting the Mosaic law in light of
truths that He revealed as the Son of God.
LESSON BACKGROUND
Since Jesus did not follow the traditions of the Pharisees, we can
easily
see how He might be accused of being a law-breaker. The scribes and
Pharisees were the guardians of the law. Anyone refusing to accept
their
traditional interpretations was subject to being chastised severely as
a
sinner (Matt. 12:2; John 9:16).
In the verses that follow this part of the Sermon on the Mount, Christ
made several contrasts between His teaching and the interpretation of the
scribes and Pharisees. He addressed such topics as murder (Matt. 5:21-22),
adultery (vs. 27-30), divorce (vs. 31-32), and the taking of oaths (vs.
33-37).
Among Jews, what Christians call the Old Testament is divided into
three sections: Law, Prophets, and Writings (cf. Luke 24:44). Sometimes the
Scriptures were simply referred to as the Law and the Prophets, as they are
in Matthew 5:17.
QUESTIONS
The Law Fulfilled
(Matthew 5:17, 18)
As our printed text opens, Jesus is about to say some things that
sound, on first impression, to be quite different from the bits He will
quote from the Old Testament. But He does not want anyone in that Jewish
audience to
think He means to deny or contradict God's Word, so He begins by
declaring His respect for the Scriptures and His relationship to them.
1. In what ways did Christ fulfill the law (Matthew 5:17)?
While some may have thought that Christ came to destroy the Law and
the
Prophets, this was not the case at all; rather, He came to fulfill
them. "By
fulfillment is meant not just the carrying out of predictions but the
accomplishment of the intention of the Law and the Prophets. In contrast to
the Pharisees, Jesus brought out the true and deeper meaning of the
Law, and he actually lived up to its intention" (Allen, ed., Broadman
Bible Commentary, Broadman).
Since Matthew was concerned to show that Jesus of Nazareth is
the long-awaited Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament Scriptures,
he often reminded his readers that certain events occurred because they
were prophesied (cf. Matt. 1:22; 2:5-6, 15, 17-18; 4:14-16; 8:17).
2. What was a "jot" and a "tittle" (Matt. 5:18)?
To further impress upon His hearers that He did not come to destroy
the law, Christ declared that the minutest details of the law would be
fulfilled in Him.
A "jot" or yod, was the smallest let-ter in the Hebrew alphabet. The
smallest Greek letter, iota, is still used today to express something very
small. The "tittle" is smaller still. It is only a part of a letter.
Compare the English letters C and G. The tiny stroke of the pen that
distinguishes one from the other is a tittle. It was as if Christ were
saying that every 'i' in the law would be dotted and every 't' crossed by
Him.
The thrust of Christ's statement was that every part of the Law and the
Prophets would be fulfilled in Him before the end of time. Unlike every
human before or since, Jesus of Nazareth perfectly obeyed God's law
(Hebrews 4:15); therefore He alone could be accepted by the Father as a
sacrifice for sinners.
The Law Interpreted
(Matthew 5:21-22, 27-28)
3. What does God's Word have to say about murder (v. 21)?
From the beginning of time, man has understood that there was a
prohibition against the taking of human life (Genesis 4:10; 9:6). This
was reinforced by the teaching of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:13),
which required capital punishment for this and certain other crimes
(21:12-17; 22:18-20). The taking of any life is a serious matter and should
never be viewed lightly. Sadly, we live in a time when human life has been
cheapened in many ways.
The warning about being in "danger of the judgment" (Matt. 5:21) had to
do
with the system of courts and judges found in ancient Israel (Deut.
16:18;
19:11-20). As in modern times, those who take the lives of others are
subject to the criminal justice system under which they live.
Of course, there will be a final judgment before which individuals will
have to answer for their actions. Even if they escape the justice of men,
they will one day stand before God (2 Cor. 5:10; Rev. 21:8; 22:15).
As bad as murder is, it is not unforgivable. Moses (Exod. 2:12), David
(2 Sam. 12:9), and Paul (Acts 26:10) were guilty of murder. Thankfully,
"the
blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin" (1 John 1:7).
4. What is the meaning of the word "Raca" (v. 22)?
As the Son of God, Christ spoke with divine authority: "But I say
unto
you." This, in fact, was what impressed the crowds who listened to Him
on
this occasion, for "it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these
sayings, the
people were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as one
having authority, and not as the scribes" (7:28-29).
Though the human propensity to get angry is quite strong, many do so
"without a cause" (5:22). Of course, we can usually justify why we get
angry, but most of the time it is rooted in our own pride and selfishness.
Even the Lord became angry-but not without real justification (Mark 3:5;
11:15).
Again, the word "judgment" (Matt. 5:22) likely refers to the local
judges,
not necessarily the final judgment. The point of our Lord, however, was
to
show that both overt acts (such as murder) and the inner motivation
that
leads to such acts (anger) are serious matters.
The meaning of the Aramaic word "Raca" is somewhat uncertain, but it
could be translated "empty-head" or "good-for-nothing." It was a term of
contempt reserved for those considered utterly worthless.
The Greek word for "council" is the word used for the Great Sanhedrin,
which met in Jerusalem and was the highest court in the land (Deut.
17:8-13). Each village and town also had a sanhedrin, or council, to
adjudicate local matters (16:18).
Again, the point of Christ was that treating others with contempt puts
one
in grave danger. To declare another a fool, though, was to place one's
soul
in danger of eternal punishment (Matt. 5:22). Since "the fool hath said
in his heart, There is no God" (Psalm 14:1), to label another person a fool
was
to relegate him to the level of an atheist. Certainly, nothing worse
could be said of an individual.
5. Anger is altogether too common in our culture. Road rage, gang
violence,
political protests, spouse abuse-they all speak of anger in our
society. How
much of a problem is anger within the church? What can we do about it?
Christians are not immune to anger. To a certain degree anger is
healthy
(Psalm 4:4; Ephesians 4:26). Taking that into account, we understand
Jesus
was talking about uncontrolled anger, but that is small comfort.
We Christians do not always control our anger properly, otherwise there
would never be a church split! The church needs to work harder on
building
healthy relationships within the body. We need to learn to value people
over
things and personal preferences. The unity of the church is important
(see 1
Corinthians 3:17). We need to be more forgiving when others are
insensitive.
Uncontrolled anger is not consistent with the fruit of the Spirit
(Galatians 5:22-26).
6. How did Christ strengthen the prohibition against adultery
(v. 27)?
That the Ten Commandments clearly sanctify the marriage bond is seen in
the declaration "Thou shalt not commit adultery" (Exod. 20:14). In its
broadest sense, this referred to all sexual activity outside the
marriage
relationship. It is obvious that many give little regard to obeying
this commandment in today's world (cf. Heb. 13:4).
7. Why is it wrong to have lustful thoughts and desires (v. 28)?
As murder has its roots in anger, so adultery has its roots in
lustful thoughts. People who lived as far back as Job realized the nature
of the lustful thought process (see Job 31:1), and Jesus brings this
ancient knowledge back to life. People today who think they can drool over
pornography and still be right with God just as long as they don't
"actually" commit adultery are sadly mistaken!
Christ went to the very heart of the matter, the lustful mind. The
desire and the deed are not identical, but, spiritually speaking, they are
equivalent. The 'look' that Jesus mentioned was not a casual glance, but a
constant stare with the purpose of lusting. It is possible for a man to
glance at a beautiful woman and know that she is beautiful, but not lust
after her. The man Jesus described looked at the woman for the purpose of
feeding his inner sensual appetites as a substitute for the act. (Wiersbe,
Bible Exposition Commentary, Victor).
8. Why is divorce such a problem in the church today? What can the
church do to address this problem?
There are many reasons for the prevalence of divorce today, and
different people attach greater or lesser significance to the meaning of
love and marriage. One problem is the pace of modern society. Ten- and
twelve-hour workdays, high stress and pressure on the job, juggling the
schedules of two working parents, and arranging child care are wearing
people out. They don't have the energy to build relationships. They are
exhausted, and exhaustion tries the patience.
Your learners will suggest other problems. Be sure to spend time also
on solutions. How can your church foster healthy relationships for couples?
What about premarital counseling-is enough being done? Do couples in crisis
know where to turn-other than to the divorce lawyers?
The Law of Love
(Matthew 5:38-39, 43-44)
9. What was the idea behind the "eye for an eye" (v. 38) concept from
the Old Testament?
The concept of an eye for an eye comes from the Mosaic law and is
sometimes called the law of retaliation. If you want to know the Latin term
for this kind of justice, it is lex talionis. This means, roughly, "law
of equal and direct retribution." For physical injury the legal punishment
is the same kind of injury in return, according to Exodus 21:24; Leviticus
24:19, 20; and Deuteronomy 19:21. That kind of justice, strictly speaking,
is "fair." The prospect of such punishment might keep an angry person from
injuring an opponent.
10. Why is it so difficult to turn the other cheek (v. 39)?
In Jesus' day a strike on the cheek is more of an insult than an
outright
attack. Jesus advises a nonviolent response, a response that goes
against the natural wish to strike back. This is the quickest way to stop
the confrontation from escalating.
The only way evil can be conquered is to overcome it with good (Rom.
12:16-21). When treated badly, most find it difficult to turn the other
cheek. Doing so takes great strength and courage. When hurt, we think that
it will make
us feel better to get back at the one who caused us pain, but it does
not.
It only lowers us to the level of the one who has mistreated usn (Prov.
20:22).
This attitude speaks to what our hearts should look like in the
kingdom of
God. The ancient prophets had predicted a new heart for God's people
(Jeremiah 31:31-34; 32:39; Ezekiel 36:26). This is all part of the
fulfillment that Jesus brings.
11. Is it acceptable to hate one's enemies? What did the Jewish
teachers say
about this?
While the law did say, "Thou shalt love thy neighbour" (Lev. 19:18),
it did not state that one's enemies were to be hated. Even so, this was a
common teaching among the Jewish rabbis, who drew a sharp distinction
between one's neighbor and one's enemy. In the parable of the good
Samaritan, Jesus clearly responded to this misreading of God's law (Luke
10:25-37).
"It is astonishing, that the scribes fell into so great an absurdity,
as to limit the word neighbour to benevolent persons: for nothing is more
obvious or certain than that God, in speaking of our neighbours, includes
the whole human race" (Calvin, The Gospels, AP&A).
Jesus taught us to live by standards higher than those of the scribes
(Matt. 5:20). Jesus requires that we look for opportunities to help an
enemy. We even set about to create such opportunities. When we do, we
fulfill Old Testament requirements found in Exodus 23:4,5 and Proverbs
25:21. Jesus said (in verse 44 of our lesson text) that instead of hating
our enemies, we should love them. Instead of cursing those who curse us, we
should bless them. Instead of hating those who hate us, we should do good
to them. Instead of persecuting those who persecute us, we should pray for
them.
Of course, these concepts are as radical today as they were when Jesus
delivered the Sermon on the Mount. Putting them into practice is difficult,
to say the least. Our Lord never said that following Him would be easy,
though. Nevertheless, "Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love
one another" (1 John 4:11).
Keep in mind that Christ was speaking to individuals and was not
attempting to regulate human governments. Even if a nation adopted in
principle that it would love its enemies, there would always be those who
would refuse to do so. If, however, enough individuals within a nation
practiced Christ's teachings, it would revolutionize the character of that
nation and how it related to other countries. For the time being, though,
we can only anticipate such universal peace, which will be realized only
when Christ returns (Isaiah 2:1-5; Hosea. 2:18; Zech. 9:10; Revelation
11:15).
CONCLUSION
Excuses or Reasons?
Our lesson title directs our attention to "A New Approach," and the
Sermon
on the Mount leads our thoughts along that line. Readily we agree that
we
cannot be as great and good as God is; but just as readily we agree
that we
can be better than we are. Then why aren't we? With so many years of
Christian living behind us, why aren't we closer to perfection? Some
reasons
(excuses, really!) are clearly seen.
First, when we notice some imperfection in our character or life, we
shrug it off with the cliché, "Nobody's perfect." Often we just don't try
very hard to be better than we are.
Second, we often find that our time is fully occupied with things we
like to do. It takes time and effort to do good to our enemies, for
example. So
we just don't get around to it.
Third, we never have done those good things that we are not doing now.
A
sense of inertia keeps us from improving. Maybe we should listen to the
more mature Christians who say, "Try it-God commands it." If we can be a
hundred-watt lamp, why be content with sixty watts?
Our lesson title directs our attention to "A New Approach,"
and the Sermon on the Mount leads our thoughts along that line. Readily
we
agree that we cannot be as great and good as God is; but just as
readily we
agree that we can be better than we are. Then why aren't we? With so
many
years of Christian living behind us, why aren't we closer to
perfection?
Some reasons (excuses, really!) are clearly seen. First, when we
notice
some imperfection in our character or life, we shrug it off with the
cliché,
"Nobody's perfect." Often we just don't try very hard to be better than
we
are. Second, we often find that our time is fully occupied with
things we like to do. It takes time and effort to do good to our enemies,
for example. So we just don't get around to it. Third, we never have done
those good things that we are not doing now. A sense of inertia keeps us
from improving. Maybe we should listen to the more mature Christians who
say, "Try it-God commands it." If we can be a hundred-watt lamp, why be
content with sixty watts?
PRAYER
Father in Heaven, thank You for being perfect, and thank You for
sending
Your Son, Your perfect sacrifice for sin. Forgive our easy
self-satisfaction, we pray, and help us to be better than we are in all the
ways that glorify Jesus. In His name we pray, amen.
THOUGHT TO REMEMBER
May our obedience to Christ honor Him.
Bonus Activity (all ages):
Prepare a handout with the following hidden message puzzle.
(You may also include the activities suggested in "Into the Word" and
"Into
Life" in this handout.) The heading for this portion of the handout
should
read "Changing Our Thinking." Instructions should read: "Delete the
letters of
the words found in Matthew 5:17. The remaining letters will spell a
theme
from today's lesson, a guide for our lives. Enter those in the blanks
below.
T H I A N K N N O T T H E A T I W A M C O A M E T O P D E S T P
R O Y T H R
E L A O W O R A T C H E H P R O P H E T S : A I T T I A T U M D
E N S O T A
R E C A O S M E I M P T O O D E R S T T R A O N Y T B A S U T T
O A C F T U
L I F O I L N S.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __:
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __.
Answer: A new approach: Attitudes are as important as actions.
Today's lesson begins a series that reminds us we are new creations in
Christ, bound to live within His will. Today's study addresses our
attitudes as well as our actions.
As a long time member of ULC, Rev. Long created the seminary site to help train our ministers. We also have a huge catalog of Universal Life Church materials. I've been ordained with the
Universal Life Church for many years and it's Seminary since the beginning and have loved watching the continual growth of the seminary.
